Concerted chemical and microbial degradation of sulfophthalimides formed from sulfophthalocyanine dyes by white-rot fungi

3- and 4-sulfophthalimide (SPI) have recently been shown to be the major product formed by white-rot fungi upon decolorization of sulfophthalocyanine (SPC) textile dyes. To make use of this metabolic potential in textile wastewater treatment, the fungal breakdown products should be degradable by activated sludge. Here,the aerobic degradation of SPI was studied in die-away tests, and biodegradation intermediates and degradation products were analyzed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, The degradation of SPI is initiated by a chemical hydrolysis to sulfophthalamic acid (SPAA) with half-lives of 8 and 40 h at pH 6.5 for 4- and 3-SPI, respectively. Then, 4-SPAA can be mineralized by aerobic mixed cultures, while 3-SPAA remained stable throughout the experiment (35 d). Analogously, the potential intermediate in 4-SPAA degradation, the 4-sulfophthalic acid, but not its 3-isomer, can be completely mineralized aerobically by mixed cultures. In all chemical and microbial transformations of these aromatic sulfonates the 4-sulfo-isomer is more reactive than the 3-isomer. The triade of fission of the SPC-system by white-rot fungi to SPI, chemical hydrolysis of SPI to SPAA, and microbial degradation of SPAA offers a pathway to mineralize the major part of the SPC system of textile dyes, whether in a respective effluent treatment system or in the aquatic environment. More general, these results illustrate on a molecular level how white-rot fungi and bacteria may cooperate in mineralizing structurally complex colored substances.