A Review of Cryogenic Thermometry and Common Temperature Sensors

This paper reviews cryogenic temperature sensors and gives an overview of cryogenic thermometry over the range 20 mK to 100 K. It begins with a brief overview of primary thermometry and methods used to realize and disseminate the International Temperature Scale of 1990, ITS-90. A short review of secondary thermometry is presented, focusing the discussion on commonly available sensors. The integration of temperature sensor to a total measurement system is discussed as well as potential sources of measurement error.