Journal
SCIENCE
Volume 294, Issue 5549, Pages 2149-2152Publisher
AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1126/science.1064363
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We examine the climate response to solar irradiance changes between the late 17th-century Maunder Minimum and the late 18th century. Global average temperature changes are small (about 0.3 degrees to 0.4 degreesC) in both a climate model and empirical reconstructions. However, regional temperature changes are quite large. In the model, these occur primarily through a forced shift toward the low index state of the Arctic Oscillation/North Atlantic Oscillation as solar irradiance decreases. This leads to colder temperatures over the Northern Hemisphere continents, especially in winter (1 degrees to 2 degreesC), in agreement with historical records and proxy data for surface temperatures.
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