Pinned Wigner crystals

We study the effects of weak disorder on a Wigner crystal in a magnetic field. We show that an elastic description of the pinned Wigner crystal provides an excellent framework to obtain most of the physically relevant observables. Using such a description, we compute the static and dynamical properties. We find that, akin to the Bragg glass phase, a good degree of translational order survives (up to a large length scale in d = 2, infinite in d = 3). Using a Gaussian variational method, we obtain the full frequency dependence of the conductivity tensor. The zero temperature Hall resistivity is independent of frequency and remains unaffected by disorder at its classical value. We show that the characteristic features of the conductivity in the pinned Wigner crystal are dramatically different from those arising from the naive extrapolations of Fukuyama-Lee-type theories for charge density waves. We determine the relevant scales and find that the physical properties depend crucially on whether the disorder correlation length is larger than the cyclotron length or not. We analyze, in particular, the magnetic field and density dependence of the optical conductivity. Within our approach the pinning frequency can increase with increasing magnetic field and varies as n(-3/2) with the density n. We compare our predictions with recent experiments on transport in two-dimensional electron gases under strong magnetic fields. Our theory allows for a consistent qualitative interpretation of these experiments in terms of a pinned WC.