Polyphenols from alcoholic apple cider are absorbed, metabolized and excreted by humans

We determined the uptake and excretion of low doses of polyphenols in six subjects who each consumed 1.1 L of an alcoholic cider beverage. Over a 24-h period, no phloretin was detected in plasma (detection limit = 0.036 mumol/L), but 21 +/- 5% of the dose (4.8 mg) was excreted in the urine. In contrast, from a low dose of 1.6-mg quercetin equivalents, no quercetin was found in urine or plasma, but X-methyl quercetin was detected in plasma [C-max (maximum concentration) = 0.14 +/- 0.19 mumol/L; range: 0 to 0.44 mumol/L]. No flavanol monomers (dose of free (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin = 3.5 mg) were detected in urine or plasma (detection limit: 0.01 mumol/L). Caffeic acid (total dose including esters = 11 mg) was detected only in plasma within 2 h, with C-max = 0.43 +/- 0.3 mumol/L (range: 0.18 to 0.84 mumol/L). An almost 3-fold increase in hippuric acid was detected in 24-h urine (74 +/- 29 mumol/L; range: 38-116 mumol/L), compared with a prestudy value of 19 +/- 9 mumol/L. These data show that polyphenols are taken up from cider, that phloretin is excreted in the urine and suggest that low doses of quercetin are extensively methylated in humans.