Gas breakthrough experiments on fine-grained sedimentary rocks

The capillary sealing efficiency of fine-grained sedimentary rocks has been investigated by gas breakthrough experiments on fully water saturated claystones and siltstones (Boom Clay from, Belgium, Opalinus Clay from Switzerland and Tertiary mudstone from offshore Norway) of different lithological compositions. Sand contents of the samples were consistently below 12%, majorclay minerals were illite and smectite. Porosities determined by mercury injection lay between 10 and 30% while specific surface areas determined by nitrogen adsorption (BET method) ranged from 20 to 48 m(2) g(-1). Total organic carbon contents were below 2%. Prior to the gas breakthrough experiments the absolute (single phase) permeability (k(abs)) of the samples was determined by steady state flow tests with water or NaCl brine. The k(abs) values ranged between 3 and 550 nDarcy (3 X 10(-21) and 5.5 x 10(-19) m(2)). The maximum effective permeability to the gas-phase (k(eff)) measured after gas breakthrough on initially water-saturated samples extended from 0.01. nDarcy (1 X 10(-23) m(2)) up to 1100 nDarcy (1.1 X 10(-18) m(2)). The residual differential pressures after re-imbibition of the water phase, referred to as the 'minimum capillary displacement pressures' (P-d), ranged from 0.06 to 6.7 MPa. During the re-imbibition process the effective permeability to the gas phase decreases with decreasing differential pressure. The recorded permeability/pressure data were used to derive the pore size distribution (mostly between 8 and 60 nm) and the transport porosity of the conducting pore system (10(-5)-10(-2) %). Correlations could be established between (i) absolute permeability coefficients and the maximum effective permeability coefficients and (ii) effective or absolute permeability coefficients and capillary sealing efficiency. No correlation was found between the capillary displacement pressures determined from gas breakthrough experiments and those derived theoretically by mercury injection.