Journal
IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION MAGAZINE
Volume 44, Issue 1, Pages 55-75Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/74.997903
Keywords
electromagnetic propagation; electromagnetic scattering; numerical modeling; ground wave propagation; surface wave propagation; mixed-path propagation; analytical techniques; ray-mode approximations; parabolic equation method; split-step parabolic equation technique; FDTD methods; FDTD wave propagator; short pulse propagation; terrain modeling; surface impedance modeling
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In this overview of groundwave propagation, dedicated to the memory of J. R. Wait, we address a particular class of propagation scenarios in the presence of surface terrain and atmospheric refractivity. Beginning with idealized analytically solvable models over a smooth spherical Earth, we trace the progression toward more reality through physics-based numerical algorithms, operating in the frequency and short-pulse time domain, which take advantage of computational resources. An extensive sequence of simulations for various terrains and atmospheric refractivities, as well as different source-receiver arrangements and operating frequencies, serves to calibrate these algorithms one against the other, and establishes the range of problem parameters for which each is more effective.
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