Journal
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
Volume 76, Issue 3, Pages 1071-1076Publisher
AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.3.1071-1076.2002
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Funding
- NCI NIH HHS [CA-21765, P30 CA021765] Funding Source: Medline
- NIAID NIH HHS [AI29860, AI795357] Funding Source: Medline
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Previous studies have associated influenza virus-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), with influenza pathogenesis in the human respiratory tract and have suggested that alpha and beta interferons are the first cytokines recruited to counteract such infection. However, we report here that TNF-alpha has powerful anti-influenza virus activity. When infected with influenza virus, cultured porcine lung epithelial cells expressed TNF-alpha in a dose-dependent manner. Expression of TNF-alpha was induced only by replicating virus. TNF-alpha showed strong antiviral activity against avian, swine, and human influenza viruses, and the antiviral effect of TNF-alpha was greater than that of gamma or alpha interferon. These findings suggest that TNF-alpha serves as the first line of defense against influenza virus infection in the natural host.
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