Anatomy of Umkomasia (Corystospermales) from the Triassic of Antarctica

The permineralized, corystosperm, cupulate, ovule-bearing organ Umkomasia resinos is described from the early Middle Triassic of Antarctica. This is the first description of anatomically preserved Umkomasia, which consists of a determinate capulate branch with helically arranged, recurved, pedicellate megasporophylls, each of which bears one or two abaxially attached unitegmic ovules. Capules are ovoid, bilobed with elongate ventral and dorsal openings or unlobed with a single ventral opening, and have a two-zoned parenchymatous cortex and abundant secretory cavities. Ovules are small, orthotropous, and possess a thin integument that contains numerous secretory cavities. The ovules are broadly attached at the base, with a bifid integumentary apex that extends past the capule lobes. The cupulate branch displays stem-like anatomy, producing paired traces into each capule stalk. These structurally preserved ovulate organs can be related to other corystosperm organs from Antarctica, particularly the pollen-organ Pteraclus fremeuwensis. Both anatomical and morphological features support interpretation of corystosperm reproductive structures as branching systems rather than as compound sporophylls. As a results of an increased understanding of the organizaion of Umkomasia, it appears doubtful that any direct relationship exists between the corystosperm and angiosperm lineages.