Journal
JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY
Volume 55, Issue 3-4, Pages 233-260Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/S0169-7722(01)00192-9
Keywords
steam injection; unsaturated zone; remediation; air; sand box models; modeling
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Steam injection for remediation of porous media contaminated by nonaqueous phase liquids has been shown to be a potentially efficient technology. There is, however, concern that the technique may lead to downward migration of separate phase contaminant. In this work, a modification of the steam injection technology is presented, where a mixture of steam and air was injected. In two-dimensional experiments with unsaturated porous medium contaminated with nonaqueous phase liquids, it was demonstrated how injection of pure steam lead to severe downward migration, Similar experiments, where steam and air were injected simultaneously, resulted in practically no downward migration and still rapid cleanup was achieved. The processes responsible for the prevention of downward migration when injecting steam-air mixtures were analyzed using a nonisothermal multiphase flow and transport model. Hereby, three mechanisms were identified and it was demonstrated how the effectiveness of these mechanisms depended on the air-to-steam mixing ratio. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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