Journal
NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY
Volume 20, Issue 5, Pages 460-466Publisher
NATURE AMERICA INC
DOI: 10.1038/nbt0502-460
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We demonstrate here the functional reprogramming of a somatic cell using a nuclear and cytoplasmic extract derived from another somatic cell type. Reprogramming of 293T fibroblasts in an extract from primary human T cells or from a transformed T-cell line is evidenced by nuclear uptake and assembly of transcription factors, induction of activity of a chromatin remodeling complex, histone acetylation, and activation of lymphoid cell-specific genes. Reprogrammed cells express T cell-specific receptors and assemble the interleukin-2 receptor in response to T cell receptor-CD3 (TCR-CD3) complex stimulation. Reprogrammed primary skin fibroblasts also express T cell-specific antigens. After exposure to a neuronal precursor extract, 293T fibroblasts express a neurofilament protein and extend neurite-like outgrowths. In vitro reprogramming of differentiated somatic cells creates possibilities for producing isogenic replacement cells for therapeutic applications.
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