Root zone calcium modulates the response of potato plants to heat stress

Potato plant growth and development are known to be severely impacted by heat stress. Here plants grown in a chemically inert medium of 1:1 quartzite : perlite (v : v) were subjected to either 35/25degreesC (stress) or 20/15degreesC (control) day/night air temperatures and four concentrations of root zone calcium (5, 25, 125 and 600 muM Ca) for 3 weeks. We report for the first time that potato plant growth under heat stress can persist at specific levels of Ca2+ in the root zone and that the Ca2+ level required for growth under heat stress exceeds that required for growth under normal temperatures. We also provide strong, initial evidence that the ability of high Ca2+ levels to mitigate heat stress effects results from shifts in meristematic activity. Total foliar mass and leaf area were essentially unaffected by Ca2+ level under control temperatures. Under beat stress, leaf area was reduced to about 5% of the control at 5 and 25 muM Ca but to only 70% of the control at 125 and 600 muM Ca. Likewise, total foliar mass was reduced under heat stress to about 30% of the control at 5 and 25 muM Ca but total foliar mass was greater under heat stress than control conditions at 125 and 600 muM Ca. This increase at higher Ca2+ concentrations was due primarily to axillary shoot growth. Anatomical studies of leaves grown under heat stress show that cell expansion was impaired by heat stress and this impairment was overcome by increasing root zone calcium levels. These results provide insight into the mechanism by which root zone Call may modulate plant response to heat stress.