Impact-entrainment relationship in a saltating cloud

The problem of impact-entrainment relationship is one of the central issues in understanding saltation, a primary aeolian transport mode. By using particle dynamic analyser measurement technology the movement of saltating particles at the very near-surface level (1 min above the bed) was detected. The impacting and entrained particles in the same impact-entrainment process were identified and the speeds, angle with respect to the horizontal, and energy of the impacting and entrained sand Cloud were analysed. It was revealed that both the speed and angle of impacting and entrained particles vary widely. The probability distribution of the speed of impacting and entrained particles in the saltating cloud is best described by a Weibull distribution function. The mean impact speed is generally p-cater than the mean lift-off speed except for the 0.1-0.2 min sand whose entrainment is significantly influenced by air drag. Both the impact and lift-off angles range from 0degrees to 180degrees. The mean lift-off angles range from 39degrees to 94degrees while the mean impact angles range from 40degrees to 78degrees, Much greater than those previously reported. The greater mean lift-off and especially the mean impact angles are attributed to mid-air collisions at the very low height, which are difficult to detect by conventional high-speed photography and are generally ignored in the existing theoretical simulation models. The proportion of backward-impacting particles also evidences the mid-air collisions. The impact energy is generally greater than the entrainment energy except for the 0.1-0.2 mm sand. There exists a reasonably good correlation of the mean speed, angle and energy between the impacting and entrained cloud in the impact-entrainment process. The results presented in this paper deserve to be considered in modelling saltation. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.