Theory of structural transformations in ferrofluids: Chains and gas-liquid phase transitions

We consider a ferrofluid consisting of identical spherical particles with a permanent magnetic moment. Under the assumption that linear flexible chains can appear in the ferrofluid, we estimate the distribution function of the number of particles inside the chain. The analysis is done and simple expressions for the size distribution function are obtained in asymptotics of a strong magnetic interaction between the particles inside one chain. We studied the influence of the linear chains on conditions and scenarios of bulk gas-liquid phase transition in the ensemble of the particles under an infinitely strong magnetic field. In order to study the influence of the chains on bulk gas-liquid phase transition in the ensemble of the particles, their chemical potential mu is calculated in the model of separate interacting particles as well as in the model with chains, taking into account the interaction between them. When the temperature is low enough, van der Waals loops appear on the plots of mu versus volume concentration Phi of the particles in the first model; function mu(Phi) increases monotonically in the second model for all examined temperatures. This means that the condensation gas-liquid phase transition can take place in the model of individual particles; however, formation of the chains in real ferrofluids prevents the appearance of this transition.