Sources of pesticides in surface waters in Switzerland:: pesticide load through waste water treatment plants-current situation and reduction potential

Concentrations of pesticides in Swiss rivers and lakes frequently exceed the Swiss quality goal of 0.1 mug/l for surface waters. In this study, concentrations of various pesticides (e.g., atrazine, diuron, mecoprop) were continuously measured in the effluents of waste water treatment plants and in two rivers during a period of four months. These measurements revealed that in the catchment of Lake Greifensee, farmers who did not perfectly comply with 'good agricultural practice' caused at least 14% of the measured agricultural herbicide load into surface waters. Pesticides, used for additional purposes in urban areas (i.e. protection of materials, conservation, etc.), entered surface waters up to 75% through waste water treatment plants. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.