Phytoplankton iron limitation in the Humboldt Current and Peru Upwelling

We investigated phytoplankton Fe limitation using shipboard incubation experiments in the high-nutrient South American eastern boundary current regime. Low ambient Fe concentrations (similar to0.1 nM) in water collected from the Humboldt and Peru Currents were supplemented with a range of added Fe levels up to 2.5 nM. Phytoplankton chlorophyll a, photosystem II photosynthetic efficiency, and nitrate and phosphate drawdown increased in proportion to the amount of Fe added. The Humboldt Current algal community after Fe additions included colonial and flagellated Phaeocystis globoso and large pennate diatoms, whereas the Peru Upwelling assemblage was dominated by coccolithophorids and small pennate diatoms. Apparent half-saturation constants for growth of the two communities were 0.17 nM Fe (Humboldt Current) and 0.26 nM Fe (Peru Upwelling). Net molar dissolved Si(OH)(4): NO3- drawdown ratios were low in both experiments (similar to0.2-0.7), but net particulate silica to nitrogen production ratios were higher. Fe limitation decreased net NO3- : PO43- utilization ratios in the Humboldt Current incubation to well below Redfield values. Phytoplankton community sinking rates were decreased by Fe additions in the Peru Upwelling, suggesting potential Fe effects on carbon export. Our results confirm that primary producers in the Peru Upwelling/Humboldt Current system can be limited by Fe, but the biological and biogeochemical consequences of Fe limitation differ from Fe-limited California coastal upwelling waters that have been previously studied.