The statistical analysis of data from small groups

The authors elaborate the complications and the opportunities inherent in the statistical analysis of small-group data. They begin by discussing nonindependence of group members' scores and then consider standard methods for the analysis of sinall-group data and determine that these methods do not take into account this non independence. A new method is proposed that uses multilevel modeling and allows for negative nonindependence and mutual influence. Finally. the complications of interactions, different group sizes, and differential effects are considered. The authors strongly urge that the analysis model of data from small-group studies should mirror the psychological processes that generate those data.