Quantum dots as luminescent probes in biological systems

This review describes the recent progress made in exploiting the light emitting properties of quantum dots as luminescent probes for the investigation of non-covalent interactions between two or more biological molecules. The properties of quantum dots and conventional fluorescent probes are compared and methods for attaching quantum dots to biomolecules examined. Such attachment generally involves two stages: quantum dot capping/coating and subsequent covalent or non-covalent linkage to the biomolecule of interest. Both are addressed. Finally, the use of quantum dots in biological assays is exemplified and the future roles of quantum dots discussed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.