Fracture-fill calcite as a record of microbial methanogenesis and fluid migration: a case study from the Devonian Antrim Shale, Michigan Basin

The Devonian Antrim Shale is an organic-rich, naturally fractured black shale in the Michigan Basin that serves as both a source and reservoir for natural gas. A well-developed network of major, through-going vertical fractures controls reservoir-scale permeability in the Antrim Shale. Many fractures are open, but some are partially sealed by calcite cements that retain isotopic evidence of widespread microbial methanogenesis. Fracture filling calcite displays an unusually broad spectrum of delta(13)C values (+34 to -41parts per thousand PDB), suggesting that both aerobic and anaerobic bacterial processes were active in the reservoir. Calcites with high delta(13)C values (>+15parts per thousand) record cementation of fractures from dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) generated during bacterial methanogenesis. Calcites with low delta(13)C values (<-32parts per thousand) are solely associated with outcrop samples and record methane oxidation during cement precipitation. Fracture-fill calcite with delta(13)C values between -10 and -30parts per thousand can be attributed to variable organic matter oxidation pathways, methane oxidation, and carbonate rock buffering. Identification of C-13-rich calcite provides unambiguous evidence of biogenic methane generation and may be used to identify gas deposits in other sedimentary basins. It is likely that repeated glacial advances and retreats exposed the Antrim Shale at the basin margin, enhanced meteoric recharge into the shallow part of the fractured reservoir, and initiated multiple episodes of bacterial methanogenesis and methanotrophic activity that were recorded in fracture-fill cements. The delta(18)O values in both formation waters and calcite cements increase with depth in the basin (-12 to -4parts per thousand SMOW, and +21 to +27%. PDB, respectively). Most fracture-fill cements from outcrop samples have delta(13)C values between -41 and -15parts per thousand PDB. In contrast, most cement in cores have delta(13)C values between +15 and +34parts per thousand PDB. Radiocarbon and Th-230 dating of fracture-fill calcite indicates that the calcite formed between 33 and 390 ka, well within the Pleistocene Epoch.