Development of supported bifunctional electrocatalysts for unitized regenerative fuel cells

Mixed metal catalysts containing Pt, Ir, Ru, Os, and Rh were synthesized on three different conductive oxide supports, Ebonex, which is a mixture of Ti4O7 and other phases, phase-pure microcrystalline Ti4O7, and Ti0.9Nb0.1O2, a doped rutile compound. Ebonex-supported catalysts were prepared as arrays and screened combinatorially for activity and stability as bifunctional oxygen reduction/water oxidation catalysts. The highest activity and stability was found in the Pt-Ru-Ir ternary region at compositions near Pt4Ru4Ir1. X-ray near edge absorption spectra indicated a significant electronic interaction between the catalyst and the support, and a substantial increase in catalyst utilization was observed, even though the support surface areas were relatively low. Both Ebonex and Ti4O7 have short-lived electrochemical stability under conditions of oxygen evolution at +1.6 V vs. RHE in 0.5 M H2SO4. Current at these supported catalysts gradually decreases, and the decrease is attributed to loss of electronic conductivity. Ebonex and Ti4O7 are also thermally oxidized in air at temperatures above 400degreesC. In contrast, Ti0.9Nb0.1O2, which has a nondefective oxygen lattice, is quite resistant to electrochemical and thermal oxidation. Conditioning of Ti0.9Nb0.1O2-supported Pt 4 Ru 4 Ir 1 at positive potentials had little effect on the activity of the catalyst. (C) 2002 The Electrochemical Society.