Journal
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS
Volume 747, Issue 2, Pages -Publisher
IOP PUBLISHING LTD
DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/747/2/L41
Keywords
magnetic fields; Sun: activity; Sun: flares; sunspots
Categories
Funding
- Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship
- HELIO e-Infrastructure Grant
- European Community
- Division Of Astronomical Sciences
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien [849986] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Solar flares occur in complex sunspot groups, but it remains unclear how the probability of producing a flare of a given magnitude relates to the characteristics of the sunspot group. Here, we use Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite X-ray flares and McIntosh group classifications from solar cycles 21 and 22 to calculate average flare rates for each McIntosh class and use these to determine Poisson probabilities for different flare magnitudes. Forecast verification measures are studied to find optimum thresholds to convert Poisson flare probabilities into yes/no predictions of cycle 23 flares. A case is presented to adopt the true skill statistic (TSS) as a standard for forecast comparison over the commonly used Heidke skill score (HSS). In predicting flares over 24 hr, the maximum values of TSS achieved are 0.44 (C-class), 0.53 (M-class), 0.74 (X-class), 0.54 (>= M1.0), and 0.46 (>= C1.0). The maximum values of HSS are 0.38 (C-class), 0.27 (M-class), 0.14 (X-class), 0.28 (>= M1.0), and 0.41 (>= C1.0). These show that Poisson probabilities perform comparably to some more complex prediction systems, but the overall inaccuracy highlights the problem with using average values to represent flaring rate distributions.
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