Prolonged nuclear retention of activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 is required for hepatocyte growth factor-induced cell motility

We examined the signaling pathway by which hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) induces cell motility, with special focus on the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the nucleus. We used Madin-Darby canine kidney cells overexpressing ERK2 because of their prominent motility response to HGF. HGF stimulation of the cells induces not only a rapid, marked, and sustained activation and rapid nuclear accumulation of ERK1/2, but also a prolonged nuclear retention of the activated ERK1/2. Interruption of the ERK1/2 activation by PD98059 treatment of the cells 30 min after HGF stimulation abolishes the HGF-induced cell motility. Enforced cytoplasmic retention of the activated ERK1/2 by the expression of an inactive form of MKP-3 cytoplasmic phosphatase inhibits the cell motility response. Although epidermal growth factor stimulation of the cells induces the activation and nuclear accumulation of ERK1/2, it does not induce the prolonged nuclear retention of the activated ERK1/2, and fails to induce cell motility. In the nucleus, activated ERK1/2 continuously phosphorylate Elk-1, leading to the prolonged expression of c-fos, which results in the expression of several genes such as matrix metalloproteinase (mmp)-9; MMP-9 activity is :required for the induction of the cell motility response. Our results indicate that the sustained activity of ERK1/2 in the nucleus is required for the induction of HGF-induced cell motility.