Journal
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
Volume 775, Issue 1, Pages -Publisher
IOP PUBLISHING LTD
DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/775/1/35
Keywords
hydrodynamics; neutrinos; stars: interiors; supernovae: general
Categories
Funding
- NASA through Hubble Fellowship [51286.01]
- Space Telescope Science Institute
- NASA [NAS 5-26555]
- Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-06CH11357]
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We present one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D), and three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamical simulations of core-collapse supernovae including a parameterized neutrino heating and cooling scheme in order to investigate the critical core neutrino luminosity (L-crit) required for explosion. In contrast to some previous works, we find that 3D simulations explode later than 2D simulations, and that L-crit at fixed mass accretion rate is somewhat higher in three dimensions than in two dimensions. We find, however, that in two dimensions L-crit increases as the numerical resolution of the simulation increases. In contrast to some previous works, we argue that the average entropy of the gain region is in fact not a good indicator of explosion but is rather a reflection of the greater mass in the gain region in two dimensions. We compare our simulations to semi-analytic explosion criteria and examine the nature of the convective motions in two dimensions and three dimensions. We discuss the balance between neutrino-driven buoyancy and drag forces. In particular, we show that the drag force will be proportional to a buoyant plume's surface area while the buoyant force is proportional to a plume's volume and, therefore, plumes with greater volume-to-surface-area ratios will rise more quickly. We show that buoyant plumes in two dimensions are inherently larger, with greater volume-to-surface-area ratios, than plumes in three dimensions. In the scenario that the supernova shock expansion is dominated by neutrino-driven buoyancy, this balance between buoyancy and drag forces may explain why 3D simulations explode later than 2D simulations and why L-crit increases with resolution. Finally, we provide a comparison of our results with other calculations in the literature.
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