Journal
MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
Volume 54, Issue 3-5, Pages 725-728Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/S0141-1136(02)00110-1
Keywords
stickleback; biomarker; androgens; anti-androgens; oestrogens
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The majority of endocrine disruption studies in Europe have been on non-indigenous species (some of them tropical!)-and none of which has traits that make them suitable for the detection of androgenic compounds. To overcome these problems, we have been developing the stickleback as a model biomarker for testing the effect of endocrine disrupters in European waters. Its advantages are: it is the only fish with a quantifiable in vivo androgen and anti-androgen endpoint (the production of the glue protein, spiggin, by the kidney); it is the only fish in which it will be possible to simultaneously test oestrogenic and androgenic properties of compound; it has a genetic sex marker; it is found in all EU countries; it survives and breeds in both seawater and freshwater; it is extremely robust and can be readily deployed in situ; it displays a variety of pronounced reproductive behaviours; it has a simple and short life cycle, low fecundity and high egg/fry survival rates. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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