How does spittlebug oviposition affect shoot growth and bud production in two willow species?

We measured the effects of oviposition by the spittlebug Aphrophora pectoralis on shoot growth and bud production in two willow species, Salix miyabeana and Salix sachalinensis . In autumn, adult females of A. pectoralis insert their ovipositor into the apical region of 1-year-old shoots, resulting in the death of most shoot tips within 1 week. Consequently, an increase in the number of dead buds and a decrease in the number of vegetative buds on 1-year-old shoots was recorded. In the following spring, the growth of current-year shoots was greatly increased on 1-year-old shoots damaged by spittlebug oviposition. Furthermore, spittlebug oviposition increased the production rate of vegetative buds in both S. miyabeana and S. sachalinensis . However, no impact on the production rate of reproductive buds was detected in either willow. We conclude that the compensatory growth of current-year shoots and an increase in vegetative buds in the two willow species was caused by oviposition of A. pectoralis .