Journal
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
Volume 731, Issue 2, Pages -Publisher
IOP PUBLISHING LTD
DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/731/2/86
Keywords
early universe; galaxies: clusters: individual (SPT-CL J2106-5844); galaxies: evolution; galaxies: formation; large-scale structure of universe
Categories
Funding
- National Science Foundation [ANT-0638937, PHY-0114422, AST-1009012, AST-1009649, MRI-0723073]
- Kavli Foundation
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
- NASA [12800071, 12800088, NAS8-03060]
- JPL/Caltech
- Chandra X-ray Observatory Center
- NASA Office of Space Science
- National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Canada Research Chairs program
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
- Excellence Cluster Universe
- DFG [TR33]
- Clay Fellowship
- KICP Fellowship
- W.M. Keck Foundation
- Pennsylvania State University [2834-MIT-SAO-4018]
- Basal CATA PFB [06/09]
- FONDAP [15010003]
- Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship
- Smithsonian Institution
- Brinson Foundation
- Division Of Astronomical Sciences
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien [1009649, 1009012] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- STFC [ST/G002711/1] Funding Source: UKRI
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Using the South Pole Telescope (SPT), we have discovered the most massive known galaxy cluster at z > 1, SPT-CL J2106-5844. In addition to producing a strong Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect signal, this system is a luminous X-ray source and its numerous constituent galaxies display spatial and color clustering, all indicating the presence of a massive galaxy cluster. Very Large Telescope and Magellan spectroscopy of 18 member galaxies shows that the cluster is at z = 1.132(-0.003)(+0.002). Chandra observations obtained through a combined HRC-ACIS GTO program reveal an X-ray spectrum with an Fe K line redshifted by z = 1.18 +/- 0.03. These redshifts are consistent with the galaxy colors found in optical, near-infrared, and mid-infrared imaging. SPT-CL J2106-5844 displays extreme X-ray properties for a cluster having a core-excluded temperature of T-X = 11.0(-1.9)(+2.6) keV and a luminosity (within r(500)) of L-X(0.5-2.0 keV) = (13.9 +/- 1.0) x 10(44) erg s(-1). The combined mass estimate from measurements of the SZ effect and X-ray data is M-200 = (1.27 +/- 0.21) x 10(15) h(70)(-1) M-circle dot. The discovery of such amassive gravitationally collapsed system at high redshift provides an interesting laboratory for galaxy formation and evolution, and is a probe of extreme perturbations of the primordial matter density field. We discuss the latter, determining that, under the assumption of Lambda CDM cosmology with only Gaussian perturbations, there is only a 7% chance of finding a galaxy cluster similar to SPT-CL J2106-5844 in the 2500 deg(2) SPT survey region and that only one such galaxy cluster is expected in the entire sky.
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