Journal
JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY
Volume 30, Issue 5, Pages 503-514Publisher
KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL
DOI: 10.1023/A:1019821031523
Keywords
effortful control; impulsivity; behavior problems; nonlinear effects
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Funding
- NICHD NIH HHS [R01 HD069171] Funding Source: Medline
- NIMH NIH HHS [K02 MH01446-01] Funding Source: Medline
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Effortful control, a temperamentally based ability to inhibit a dominant response and activate a subdominant response, was assessed on 3 occasions using a comprehensive, age-appropriate behavioral battery in this 4-year longitudinal study of children (N = 103) from toddlerhood to early school age. The focus was twofold: to explore the structure of effortful control in a normally developing sample and to examine the relations between effortful control and adaptive functioning. Exploratory factor analyses supported the contention that effortful control is a complex, multidimensional construct with longitudinally stable factors. Effortful control was also significantly associated with mother-reported total behavior problems in a nonlinear fashion, with lower and higher levels of effortful control contributing to higher total problem scores. These findings have implications for the assessment of temperament in children and, most importantly, for the study of nonlinear contributions of temperament to early childhood behaviors.
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