1,1′,3,3′,6,6′,8,8′-octachloro-9,9′-bifluorenylidene and perchloro-9,9′-bifluorenylidene, two exceedingly twisted ethylenes

The syntheses of 1,1',3,3',6,6',8,8'-octachloro-9,9'-bifluorenylidene (1), its precursors, and the byproduct 3,3',5,5'-tetrachloro-4-(trichloromethyl)biphenyl (5) are described. Accurate structural X-ray data on 1 and on perchloro-9,9'-bifluorenylidene (2) are reported and discussed. Because of chlorine overcrowding, the dihedral angles between their two identical fluorenylidene moieties are abnormally large, the central-ethylene twist angles being 55 and 66degrees, respectively. Significant out-of-plane carbon-chlorine bond bending is likewise exhibited. Their ESR spectra and magnetic measurements prove that they are singlet species. The exceptionally large bathochromic displacements of their UV-vis absorption spectrum with respect to that of their parent hydrocarbon are mainly attributed to bond bending and molecular warping.