Nature's ingenuity: Bypassing the classical secretory route via apocrine secretion

Although it has been suggested that epithelial cells of the male reproductive system are involved in apocrine secretion, this method of secretion is not fully understood. In the present study, apocrine secretion was investigated in epithelial principal cells lining the epididymis and vas deferens (VD) of adult mice. The tissues were fixed by cardiac vascular perfusion with glutaraldehyde for routine electron microscope (EM) analysis and Bouin's fixative for light microscope (LM) immunocytochemistry to access functional roles. In the epididymis and VD, the apex of principal cells revealed protrusions of cytoplasm referred to as apical blebs (ABs). The latter contained solely numerous free ribosomes, 20 nm vesicles and few ER cisternae, suggesting segregation of their contents. While some ABs displayed wide areas of contact with the apical principal cell cytoplasm, others showed thin stalk-like attachment points as well as fissures at the junction of the two areas. Together with images of ABs and their contents deep in the lumen, it is suggested that ABs detach from principal cells whereupon they breakdown to release their contents therein. As ABs of the epididymis were immunoreactive for glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) and ubiquitin, it is proposed that these proteins are synthesized on free ribosomes in ABs and that apocrine secretion represents the manner whereby they enter the lumen to effectively protect sperm from free radical injury and ubiquitinate proteins for degradation, respectively. ABs of the VD were immunoreactive for 3beta-HSD, suggesting that they are also capable of synthesis of steroids with their release via apocrine secretion. Taken together the data provide evidence for apocrine secretion in the adult mouse epididymis and VD that could play important roles in relation to sperm maturation, protection and viability.