Emotional sounds and the brain: the neuro-affective foundations of musical appreciation

This article summarizes the potential role of evolved brain emotional systems in the mediation of music appreciation. A variety of examples of how music may promote behavioral change are summarized, including effects on memory, mood, brain activity as well as autonomic responses such as the experience of 'chills'. Studies on animals (e.g. young chicks) indicate that musical stimulation have measurable effects on their behaviors and brain chemistries, especially increased brain norepinephrine (NE) turnover. The evolutionary Sources of musical sensitivity are discussed, as well as the potential medical-therapeutic implications of this knowledge. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.