Impact of the structure and reactivity of nickel particles on the catalytic growth of carbon nanofibers

Catalytically grown fishbone carbon nanofibers (CNF), are prepared by the decomposition of carbon-containing gases (CH4, CO/H-2 or C2H4/H-2) over a silica-supported nickel catalyst and an unsupported nickel catalyst at 550degreesC. It turns out that both the nickel particle size and the nature of the carbon-containing gas significantly affects the CNF growth process. We demonstrate that at the chosen temperature small supported nickel particles need a carbon-containing gas with a relatively low reactivity, like CH4 or CO/H-2, to produce CNF. The resulting fishbone CNF have a uniform and small diameter (25 nm). The CNF thus synthesized hold great potential, e.g. as catalyst support material. However, the large unsupported nickel particles only produce CNF using a reactive carbon-containing gas, like C2H4/H-2. The CNF thus obtained show a variety of morphologies with a large range of diameters (50-500 nm). The CNF yield is a subtle interplay between the nickel particle size and consequently the exposed crystal planes on the one hand and the reactivity of the carbon-containing gas on the other. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.