Journal
NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 2, Issue 11, Pages 872-880Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/nri935
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Funding
- NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM041514, R01 GM041514-17A1] Funding Source: Medline
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Many lymphocyte functions, such as antigen recognition, take place deep in densely populated lymphoid organs. Because direct in vivo observation was not possible, the dynamics of immune-cell interactions have been inferred or extrapolated from in vitro studies. Two-photon fluorescence excitation uses extremely brief (<1 picosecond) and intense pulses of light to 'see' directly into living tissues, to a greater depth and with less phototoxicity than conventional imaging methods. Two-photon microscopy, in combination with newly developed indicator molecules, promises to extend single-cell approaches to the in vivo setting and to reveal in detail the cellular collaborations that underlie the immune response.
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