Glucose-dependent regulation of cholesterol ester metabolism in macrophages by insulin and leptin

Insulin resistance, obesity, and diabetes are characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperleptinemia and are associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis. In an effort to understand how this occurs, we have investigated whether these factors cause disregulation of cholesterol ester metabolism in J774.2 macrophages. Raising glucose levels alone was sufficient to increase uptake of acetylated low density lipoprotein but did not stimulate synthesis of cholesterol esters. In the presence of high glucose, both insulin and leptin increased the rate of cholesterol ester synthesis, although they did not further increase uptake of acetylated low density lipoprotein. However, in the presence of high glucose both insulin and leptin caused a significant increase in the activity of acyl-CoA. cholesterol O-acyltransferase (ACAT) combined with a significant reduction in the level of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). Because ACAT is the main enzyme responsible for cholesterol ester synthesis and HSL contributes significantly to neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase activity, this suggests that glucose primes the J774.2 cells so that in the presence of high insulin or leptin they will store cholesterol esters. This contrasts with 3T3-L1 adipocytes, where HSL activity and expression are increased by insulin in high glucose conditions. These findings may provide an explanation for the observation that in conditions characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperleptinemia, and hyperinsulinemia, triglyceride lipolysis in adipocytes is increased while hydrolysis of cholesterol esters in macrophages is decreased, contributing to foam cell formation.