Long-period thermal oscillations in superfluid millisecond pulsars

Context. In previous papers, we have shown that, as the rotation of a neutron star slows down, it will be internally heated as a consequence of the progressively changing mix of particles (rotochemical heating). In previously studied cases (non-superfluid neutron stars or superfluid stars with only modified Urca reactions), this leads to a quasi-steady state in which the star radiates thermal photons for a long time, possibly accounting for the ultraviolet radiation observed from the millisecond pulsar J0437-4715. Aims. For the first time, we explore the phenomenology of rotochemical heating with direct Urca reactions and uniform and isotropic superfluid energy gaps of different sizes. Methods. We first do exploratory work by integrating the thermal and chemical evolution equations numerically for different energy gaps, which uncovers a rich phenomenology of stable and unstable solutions. To understand these, we perform a stability analysis around the quasi-steady state, identifying the characteristic times of growing, decaying, and oscillating solutions. Results. For small gaps, the phenomenology is similar to the previously studied cases, in the sense that the solutions quickly converge to a quasi-steady state. For large gaps (greater than or similar to 0.05 MeV), these solutions become unstable, leading to a limit-cycle behavior of periodicity similar to 10(6-7) yr, in which the star is hot (T-s greater than or similar to 10(5) K) for a small fraction of the cycle (similar to 5-20%), and cold for a longer time.