Journal
JOURNAL OF NEUROVIROLOGY
Volume 8, Issue 6, Pages 611-624Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1080/13550280290101021
Keywords
cytokine; glutamate; human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1); inflammation; neurodegenerative; neuron; tumor necrosis factor-alpha
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Funding
- NIAID NIH HHS [T32 AI049815, T32 AI49815] Funding Source: Medline
- NIGMS NIH HHS [T32 GM07356, T32 GM007356] Funding Source: Medline
- NIMH NIH HHS [R01 MH056838, R01 MH56838, P01 MH064570, P01 MH64570] Funding Source: Medline
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Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is pleiotropic mediator of a diverse array of physiological and neurological functions, including both normal regulatory functions and immune responses to infectious agents. Its role in the nervous system is prominent but paradoxical. Studies on uninflamed or normal brain have generally attributed TNF-alpha a neuromodulatory effect. In contrast, in infl 4med or diseased brain, the abundance of evidence suggests that TNF-alpha has an overall neurotoxic effect, which may be particularly pronounced for virally mediated neurological disease. Still others have found TNF-alpha to be protective u uder some conditions of neurological insult. It is still uncertain exactly how TNF-alpha is able to induce these opposing effects through receptor activation of only a limited set of cell signaling pathways. In this paper, we provide support from the literature to advance our hypothesis that one mechanism by which TNF-alpha can exert its paradoxical effects in the brain is via crosstalk with signaling pathways of growth factors or other cytokines.
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