Journal
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
Volume 489, Issue 1, Pages 359-375Publisher
EDP SCIENCES S A
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20078662
Keywords
surveys; stars : supernovae : general; gamma-rays : bursts
Categories
Funding
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
- Participating Institutions
- U. S. Department of Energy
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Japanese Monbukagakusho
- Max Planck Society
- Higher Education Funding Council for England
- National Science Foundation [AST 0606772]
- EURYI
- EC Sixth Framework Programme
- Leverhulme Trust
- DEL
- Academy of Finland [8120503]
- STFC [PP/E001149/1, PP/E002064/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- Science and Technology Facilities Council [PP/E002064/1, PP/E001149/1] Funding Source: researchfish
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Aims. Massive stars in low-metallicity environments may produce exotic explosions such as long-duration gamma-ray bursts and pair-instability supernovae when they die as core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe). Such events are predicted to be relatively common in the early Universe during the first episodes of star-formation. To understand these distant explosions it is vital to study nearby CCSNe arising in low-metallicity environments to determine if the explosions have different characteristics to those studied locally in high-metallicity galaxies. Many of the nearby supernova searches concentrate their efforts on high star-formation rate galaxies, hence biasing the discoveries to metal rich regimes. Here we determine the feasibility of searching for these CCSNe in metal-poor dwarf galaxies using various survey strategies. Methods. We determine oxygen abundances and star-formation rates for all spectroscopically typed star-forming galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, Data Release 5, within z = 0.04. We then estimate the CCSN rates for sub-samples of galaxies with differing upper-metallicity limits. Using Monte-Carlo simulations we then predict the fraction of these CCSNe that we can expect to detect using different survey strategies. We test survey capabilities using a single 2 m telescope, a network of 2 m telescopes, and the upcoming all-sky surveys of the Pan-STARRS and LSST systems. Results. Using a single 2 m telescope (with a standard CCD camera) search we predict a detection rate of similar to 1.3 CCSNe yr(-1) in galaxies with metallicities below 12 + log(O/H) < 8.2 which are within a volume that will allow detailed follow-up with 4 m and 8 m telescopes (z = 0.04). With a network of seven 2 m telescopes we estimate similar to 9.3 CCSNe yr(-1) could be found, although this would require more than 1000 h of telescope time allocated to the network. Within the same radial distance, a volume-limited search in the future Pan-STARRS PS1 all-sky survey should uncover 12.5 CCSNe yr(-1) in low-metallicity galaxies. Over a period of a few years this would allow a detailed comparison of their properties. We then extend our calculations to determine the total numbers of CCSNe that can potentially be found in magnitude-limited surveys with PS1 (24 000 yr(-1), within z less than or similar to 0.6), PS4 (69 000 yr(-1), within z less than or similar to 0.8) and LSST (160 000 yr(-1), within z less than or similar to 0.9) surveys.
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