Phase-steepened Alfven waves, proton perpendicular energization and the creation of magnetic holes and magnetic decreases: The ponderomotive force

[1] Solar wind protons detected within Magnetic Holes (MHs) and Magnetic Decreases (MDs) are found to be preferentially heated perpendicular to (B) over right arrow (0). The MHs/MDs are associated with the phase-steepened edges of nonlinear Alfven waves. The proton anisotropies can lead to the proton cyclotron and mirror mode plasma instabilities. We examine the Ponderomotive Force (PF), a phenomenon due to wave pressure gradients, and show that for this plasma regime and for phase-steepened Alfven waves, the PF proton acceleration/energization will primarily be orthogonal to B-0. It is suggested that accelerated ions create the MHs/MDs by a diamagnetic effect.