Aplidin TM induces apoptosis in human cancer cells via glutathione depletion and sustained activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor, Src, JNK, and p38 MAPK

We report that Aplidin(TM), a novel antitumor agent of marine origin presently undergoing Phase 11 clinical trials, induced growth arrest and apoptosis in human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells at nanomolar concentrations. Aplidin(TM) induced a specific cellular stress response program, including sustained activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), the non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinase Src, and the serine/threonine kinases JNK and p38 MAPK Aplidin(TM)-induced apoptosis was only partially blocked by the general caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-VAD-fluoromethyl ketone and was also sensitive to AG1478 (an EGFR inhibitor), PP2 (an Src inhibitor), and SB203580 (an inhibitor of JNK and p38 MAPK) in MDA-MB-231 cells. Supporting a role for EGFR in Aplidin(TM) action, EGFR-deficient mouse embryo fibroblasts underwent apoptosis upon treatment more slowly than wild-type-EGFR fibroblasts and also showed delayed JNK and reduced p38 MAPK activation. N-Acetylcysteine and ebselen (but not other antioxidants such as diphenyleneiodonium, Tiron, catalase, ascorbic acid, and vitamin E) reduced EGFR activation by Aplidin(TM). N-Acetylcysteine and PP2 also partially inhibited JNK and p38 MAPK activation. The intracellular level of GSH affected Aplidin(TM) action; pretreatment of cells with GSH or N-acetylcysteine inhibited, whereas GSH depletion caused, hyperinduction of EGFR, Src, JNK, and p38 MAPK. Remarkably, Aplidin(TM) also induced apoptosis and activated EGFR, JNK, and p38 MAPK in two cell lines (A-498 and ACHN) derived from human renal cancer, a neoplasia that is highly refractory to chemotherapy. These data provide a molecular basis for the anticancer activity of Aplidin(TM).