Journal
ASTROBIOLOGY
Volume 12, Issue 7, Pages 619-633Publisher
MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC
DOI: 10.1089/ast.2012.0827
Keywords
Confocal laser scanning microscopy; Gypsum fossils; Mars sample return missions; Raman spectroscopy; Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument; Sulfuretum
Funding
- NASA Astrobiology and Mars Exploration programs
- UCLA Department of Earth and Space Sciences
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Penn State NAI Astrobiology Research Center
- Chile's FONDECYT [1110786]
- University of Concepcion DIUC [210.112.103-1.0]
- Census of Marine Life Program
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Orbital and in situ analyses establish that aerially extensive deposits of evaporitic sulfates, including gypsum, are present on the surface of Mars. Although comparable gypsiferous sediments on Earth have been largely ignored by paleontologists, we here report the finding of diverse fossil microscopic organisms permineralized in bottom-nucleated gypsums of seven deposits: two from the Permian (similar to 260 Ma) of New Mexico, USA; one from the Miocene (similar to 6 Ma) of Italy; and four from Recent lacustrine and saltern deposits of Australia, Mexico, and Peru. In addition to presenting the first report of the widespread occurrence of microscopic fossils in bottom-nucleated primary gypsum, we show the striking morphological similarity of the majority of the benthic filamentous fossils of these units to the microorganisms of a modern sulfuretum biocoenose. Based on such similarity, in morphology as well as habitat, these findings suggest that anaerobic sulfur-metabolizing microbial assemblages have changed relatively little over hundreds of millions of years. Their discovery as fossilized components of the seven gypsiferous units reported suggests that primary bottom-nucleated gypsum represents a promising target in the search for evidence of past life on Mars.
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