HDL counterbalance the proinflammatory effect of oxidized LDL by inhibiting intracellular reactive oxygen species rise, proteasome activation, and subsequent NF-κB activation in smooth muscle cells

Oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) exhibit proinflammatory properties and play a role in atherosclerosis plaque formation, rupture, and subsequent thrombosis. OxLDL alter the activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB that is involved in the expression of immune and inflammatory genes. In contrast, high-density lipoproteins (HDL) are anti-atherogenic and exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. This work aimed to investigate how oxLDL activate NF-kappaB and whether and how HDL may prevent NF-kappaB activation. In cultured rabbit smooth muscle cells, mitogenic concentrations of mildly oxLDL trigger a rapid and transient NF-kappaB activation, which is strongly inhibited by HDL. Growth factors, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt, and sphingosine kinase pathways are not implicated in the oxLDL-induced NF-kappaB activation and are not targets of HDL. OxLDL induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and proteasome activation, which are implicated in NF-kappaB activation, as suggested by the inhibitory effect of the antioxidants N-acetyl-L-cysteine and pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate and the proteasome inhibitor PSI. HDL were able to prevent the intracellular ROS rise triggered by oxLDL or H2O2, thereby inhibiting the subsequent proteasome activation, IkappaB degradation, and NF-kappaB activation. In conclusion, the oxLDL-induced NF-kappaB activation involves ROS generation and proteasome activation, both events being inhibited by HDL. This 'antioxidant' and potentially anti-inflammatory effect of HDL may participate in their general anti-atherogenic properties.