Seed bank size and composition of Betula nana, Vaccinium uliginosum, and Campanula rotundifolia habitats in Svalbard and northern Norway

The rare thermophilous species in the arctic archipelago of Svalbard are probably relicts from previous warmer periods and may be unable to reproduce sexually under the present climatic conditions. Germination of seeds, seed banks, and vegetative sprouts were studied in one Betula nana L., one Vaccinium uliginosum L., and two Campanula rotundifolia L. habitats in Svalbard. For comparison, one islet and three alpine habitats in northern Norway were studied. In each habitat, 50 soil cores (9.6 cm(2)) were collected and placed in a phytotron for germination tests. In Svalbard, no germinable seeds or seed bank of the three species were observed, whereas vegetative sprout densities were 83, 1060, and 21-1060/m(2) for B. nana, V uliginosum, and C rotundifolia, respectively. In northern Norway, germination percentages of the collected seeds were 59, 10-27, and 15-40%, seed bank densities of seedlings 21-2765, 21-187, and 21-374/m(2), and vegetative sprouts densities 94-206, 56-674, and 94-711/m(2) for B. nana, V uliginosum, and C rotundifolia, respectively. Less thermophilous plant species produced germinable seeds in Svalbard, as 1247-5405 seedlings/m(2) of 26 species germinated from the soil cores. In comparison, 5322-9626 seedlings/m(2) of 43 species germinated in soil cores from the alpine habitats and 3534 seedlings/m(2) of 26 species from the islet habitat. The results suggest that the most thermophilous species in Svalbard rarely produce germinable seeds under the present climatic conditions.