Rapid learning of sequential tool use by macaque monkeys

Earlier reports have described monkeys in their natural habitat as being capable of purposefully using tools for activities such as obtaining food. However, little is known regarding the extent of macaque monkeys' ability to understand the functional meaning of objects as tools. We have trained Japanese macaques in tool-use behavior to demonstrate their abilities to solve stick problems involving the use of a novel tool and a sequential combination of different tools. Results suggest that macaque monkeys have cognitive abilities, such as (1) flexibility in applying previous experience in accordance with the requirements of the learning situation, (2) the foresight needed to conduct a series of acts in a continuous sequential manner and the ability to internally plan the necessary strategy. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.