Journal
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
Volume 208, Issue -, Pages 442-446Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/S0169-4332(02)01430-7
Keywords
high-speed techniques; electron microscopes; nucleation; phase transitions; laser ablation; laser-pulsed metal films
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Nickel, chromium, and germanium films were treated by nanosecond 7-30 J cm(-2) laser pulses. The evaporation, comprising surface evaporation, normal boiling, and homogeneous nucleation of gas bubbles in the liquid metals were visualized by a highspeed transmission electron microscope on the nanosecond time scale. Contrary to phase explosion, the first two mechanisms are marginal at these fluences. Nucleation rates of gas bubbles were determined by imaging. Plasma temperatures were estimated from transient small angle scattering. The results can be used to check high-temperature material parameters. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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