Novel collagen scaffolds with predefined internal morphology made by solid freeform fabrication

Novel collagen scaffolds possessing predefined and reproducible internal channels with widths of 135 pm and greater have been produced. The process employed to make the collagen scaffold utilises a sacrificial mould, manufactured using solid freeform fabrication technology, and critical point drying technique. A computer aided design (CAD) file of the mould to be produced is created. This mould is manufactured using a phase change ink-jet printer. A dispersion of collagen is then cast into the mould and frozen. The mould is dissolved away with ethanol and the collagen scaffold is then critical point dried with liquid carbon dioxide. The effect of processing on the tertiary structure of collagen is assessed by monitoring the wavenumber of the N-H stretching vibration peak using Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and it is found that processing does not denature the collagen. Ultraviolet-visual spectroscopy was used to detect the presence of any contamination from the sacrificial mould on the collagen. The ability to use computer aided design and manufacture (CAD/CAM) provides a route to optimise scaffold designs using collagen in tissue engineering applications. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.