Molecular responses to drought, salinity and frost: common and different paths for plant protection

Drought, high salinity and low temperature are major environmental factors that limit plant productivity. Plants respond and adapt to these stresses in order to survive. Signaling pathways are induced in response to environmental stress and recent molecular and genetic studies have revealed that these pathways involve many components. In this review, we highlight recent findings on the gene expression associated with stress responses and the signaling pathways that are either common or specific to the response.