Journal
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
Volume 115, Issue 2, Pages 332-345Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/S0378-7753(03)00010-7
Keywords
multiple substitution; cathode materials; LiMn2O4; spinel cathode; lithium battery
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Solid-state synthesized LiNi0.5-yMyMn1.5O4 spinels, where M - Fe, Mg, Al, or Cu, and y = 0.0-0.4, have been studied as high-voltage cathode materials. Powder X-ray diffraction studies showed that all the substituents displayed a propensity for the 8a tetrahedral site at high concentrations. Cyclic voltammetric studies showed electrochemical activity around 4 V as well as above 4.4 V. While the 4-V activity was related solely to the Mn4+/Mn3+ couple, the 5-V activity was due to the redox reactions of Ni and the other transition metal ions. The cosubstituents reduced the 5-V capacity and shifted the redox potentials in the 5-V region to higher values. At high concentrations, the cosubstituents tended to occupy the 8a sites, which may lead to a blockage of lithium transport during the charge-discharge processes. LiNi0.4Fe0.1Mn1.5O4 registered the best performance with a first-cycle capacity of 117 mAh/g and 78% capacity retention over 60 cycles. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic studies showed a decrease in the charge transfer resistance at high deintercalation levels. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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