Journal
JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY
Volume 161, Issue 1, Pages 21-26Publisher
ROCKEFELLER UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200210171
Keywords
dynein ATPase; microfilaments; myosin type II; mitotic spindle apparatus; cell polarity
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Funding
- NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM049869, R01GM049869] Funding Source: Medline
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In Caenorhabditis elegans, the partitioning proteins (PARs), microfilaments (MFs), dynein, dynactin, and a nonmuscle myosin 11 all localize to the cortex of early embryonic cells. Both the PARs and the actomyosin cytoskeleton are required to polarize the anterior-posterior (a-p) body axis in one-cell zygotes, but it remains unknown how MFs influence embryonic polarity. Here we show that MFs are required for the cortical localization of PAR-2 and PAR-3. Furthermore, we show that PAR polarity regulates MF-dependent cortical forces applied to astral microtubules (MTs). These forces, which appear to be mediated by dynein and dynactin, produce changes in the shape and orientation of mitotic spindles. Unlike MFs, dynein, and dynactin, myosin 11 is not required for the production of these forces. Instead, myosin influences embryonic polarity by limiting PAR-3 to the anterior cortex. This in turn produces asymmetry in the forces applied to MTs at each pole and allows PAR-2 to accumulate in the posterior cortex of a one-cell zygote and maintain asymmetry.
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