tRNA-dependent active site assembly in a class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

The crystal structure of ligand-free E. coli glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase (GInRS) at 2.4 Angstrom resolution shows that substrate binding is essential to construction of a catalytically proficient active site. tRNA binding generates structural changes throughout the enzyme, repositioning key active site peptides that bind glutamine and ATP. The structure gives insight into long-standing questions regarding the tRNA dependence of glutaminyl adenylate formation, the coupling of amino acid and rRNA selectivities, and the roles of specific pathways for transmission of tRNA binding signals to the active site. Comparative analysis of the unliganded and tRNA-bound structures shows, in detail, how flexibility is built into the enzyme architecture and suggests that the induced-fit transitions are a key underlying determinant of both amino acid and tRNA specificity.