Inhibition of NF-κB by hydroquinone sensitizes human bone marrow progenitor cells to TNF-α-induced apoptosis

Suppression of hematopoiesis is an important mechanism governing blood cell formation. Factors such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) inhibit proliferation and colony-forming activity of bone marrow cells and activate nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) in multiple cell types. Activated NF-kappaB is required for many cells to escape apoptosis, including hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC). The benzene metabolite hydroquinone (HQ) alters cytokine response and induces cell death in HPC, and inhibits NF-kappaB activation in T and B cells. Therefore, we studied the potential role of HQ-induced NF-kappaB inhibition in a hematopoietic cell line (TF-1) and primary HPC in rendering these cells susceptible to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. We demonstrate in both cell types that TNF-alpha activates NF-kappaB, and HQ exposure inhibits activation of NF-kappaB by TNF-alpha in a dose dependent manner. We further investigated the ability of HQ to potentiate TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis in these cells, and found that HQ sensitized the cells to the pro-apoptotic effect of TNF-alpha. These results suggest that NF-kappaB plays a key role in HPC survival, and that HQ-induced inhibition of NF-kappaB leaves these cells susceptible to cytokine-induced apoptosis. These effects may play a role in the suppression of hematopoiesis seen in some benzene exposed individuals. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.