Electrochemically induced deposition of a polysaccharide hydrogel onto a patterned surface

Hydrogels are increasingly considered for creating three-dimensional structures in miniaturized devices, yet few techniques exist for creating such hydrogel structures. We report a new approach for creating hydrogels using the amine-containing polysaccharide chitosan. Specifically, electrodes are immersed into a slightly acidic chitosan solution and a voltage is applied to promote the proton-consuming hydrogen evolution reaction at the cathode surface. This reaction leads to a high localized pH in the vicinity of the cathode surface, and if this localized pH exceeds about 6.3, then chitosan becomes insoluble and deposits at the cathode surface. As the current density is increased, the region of high pH is expected to extend further from the cathode surface into the bulk solution. Using moderately high current densities (50 A/m(2)), we observed that chitosan deposited as a thick hydxogel. Measurements of the water content confirmed that the deposited chitosan was a hydrogel. To suggest the potential utility, we deposited a chitosan hydrogel on a patterned surface to create a channel. Because of chitosan's pH-dependent solubility, this channel could be disassembled by mild acid treatment. We envision that electrochemically-induced deposition of chitosan-based hydrogels may offer interesting opportunities for the integration of biological systems into miniaturized devices.